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Article History

Received: 6 July 2025

Revised: 16 February 2026

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Competing interests

: Naoto T. Ueno reports consulting roles for AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (USA and UK), Bayer AG, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Carna Biosciences Inc., CytoDyn Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly, Genentech Inc., Genomic Health Inc., Gilead Sciences Inc., Lavender Health, OncoCyte Corporation, Pear Bio, Peptilogics Inc., Pfizer Inc., Phoenix Molecular Designs, Preferred Medicine, Carisma Therapeutics Inc., Sysmex Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Japan), and Unitech Medical Inc. He also holds stock ownership in Pear Bio and Phoenix Molecular Designs, and has speaker or preceptorship roles with AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Chugai Roche Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Pfizer Inc., Total Health Conferencing, and Eli Lilly. Additionally, Naoto T. Ueno reports research agreements with AnHeart Therapeutics Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., Gilead Sciences Inc., Phoenix Molecular Designs, Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Puma Biotechnology Inc., Merck & Co., Oncolys BioPharma Inc., OBI Pharma Inc., ChemDiv Inc., Tolero Pharmaceuticals Inc., and VITRAC Therapeutics LLC. Jangsoon Lee reports scientific advisory role for Astrion Inc. Naoto T. Ueno and Jangsoon Lee have received research grants through their institution from Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Duality Biologics, and OBI Pharma. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: Animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of MD Anderson Cancer Center (protocol 00001754-RN01). Animal care and experiments were conducted per Institutional and National Institutes of Health guidelines.