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Article History

Received: 26 June 2025

Revised: 27 February 2026

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships, which may be considered potential competing interests: the authors declare that PP, AB, AM, SQ, MR, CT and GV are listed as inventors of patent N. IT 102017000026858 and European patent EP 392351. The authors declare that PP, AB, AM, SQ, MR, CT and GV are listed as inventors of the Italian Patent Application N. 102022000014593 filed by the University of Padova, PTC pending. MLM advised on Mitotherapeutix LLC. No conflicts of interest exist for the other authors.

: Liver human organoids . Liver human organoids were developed from surgically resected specimens derived from human liver tissue. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study protocol complied with the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of ‘Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo’, Pavia, Italy, approval number No. 20200020546. All animal experiments were performed according to the ARRIVE guidelines and followed the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publications N0.8023, revised 1978) and the guidelines of the European Research Council for Animal Care and Use. Experimental model of MASH-induced carcinogenesis . This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of the University of Padua and the Animal Investigation Committee of the Italian Ministry of Health, approval number No. 442/2018-PR. Extraction of primary mouse hepatocytes . This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of ‘Liver Disease and Liver Metabolism Laboratory’, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research & Technology Alliance), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain, approval number No. P-CBG-CBBA-120.