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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Revised: 19 May 2026

Accepted: 16 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest related to the present work. BK received honoraria for lectures or advisory board participation from the following for-profit companies (all outside of the submitted work): from AAA, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ipsen, MSD, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, and Janssen Cilag. MR received honoraria for lectures or advisory board participation from the following for-profit companies (all outside of the submitted work): AbbVie, Gilead, Galapagos Pharma, Celgene, BMS, Ipsen, Novartis, Roche, Eisai, and Eli Lilly. All other authors have no disclosures to report.

ETHICS AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: This study has received approval from the local Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Vienna (EK No: 1966/2023). Informed consent was not required due to the retrospective design. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

use of artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies were used in the conduct of this study. ChatGPT version 4 and newer (OpenAI, Inc.; 2023–2026; ) was used to support R programming for statistical analyses and data visualization. The author(s) reviewed all outputs of this tool/service and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of this work.