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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Revised: 8 June 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 23 July 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: PC-F, AM, LV, DM, MN, JB, SD, VB, CJ, SC, MG, and KSS are employees of Fortrea Inc. SPB is co-founder and Director of Prenostics Ltd. VB reports stock ownership interests in Fortrea Inc. TRJE has received travel expenses from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Eisai, Nucana, and Roche. His institution has received consulting fees and/or speaker fees/honoraria and/or research funding from Karus Therapeutics, Eisai, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, United Medical, Nucana, Roche/Genentech, Ascelia, AstraZeneca, Bicycle Therapeutics, Medivir, Seagen, CV6 Therapeutics, Ewopharma, iOnctura, Beigene, Basilea, Celgene, MiNA Therapeutics, Lilly, Merck Serono, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Verastem, Novartis, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Sanofi/Aventis, Clovis Oncology, Plexxikon, Sierra Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Halozyme, CytomX Therapeutics, Vertex, Athenex, Adaptimmune, Immunocore, Modulate Pharma, Berg, Starpharma, BiolineRx, UCB, Sapience Therapeutics, Astellas Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Avacta Life Sciences, Nurix, Codiak BioSciences, T3 Pharmaceuticals, BioNTech, Moderna Therapeutics, Exelixis, Exscientia, Bayer, Amgen, Sotio, and Pfizer. His institution also received honoraria from Genmab for serving as Chair of the Independent Data Monitoring Committee for a phase 1 trial. He is also Editor-in-Chief of The British Journal of Cancer. KSS reports consulting fees from the EU Commission and stock and/or other ownership interests in Fortrea Inc. and Quantum Health Analytics (UK) Ltd, outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.