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Authors
Ntellas, Panagiotis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1708-3861
Lund, Tom
Keogh, Georgina A.
Salto-Tellez, Manuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8586-282X
von Loga, Katharina
Silveira, Tatiany
Riisnaes, Susanna
Laye, Jon
Langley, Ruth E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-016X
Nankivell, Matthew G.
Allum, William H.
Athauda, Avani
Cunningham, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5158-1069
Grabsch, Heike I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9520-6228
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK (C26441/A8944 and A16251)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2026
Revised: 29 July 2026
Accepted: 10 August 2026
First Online: 25 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: MST is a scientific advisor to MindPeak and Sonrai analytics; he has received honoraria recently from BMS, MSD, Roche, AZ, J&J, Sanofi, and Incyte. He has received grant support (funding or in-kind) from Philips, Roche, MSD, and Akoya. KvL is employee of Waiv, a spin-out of Owkin which provides an unrelated AI-driven MSI testing. DC has received funding from Clovis, Eli Lilly, 4SC, Celgene, Leap, Roche and NIHR EME. None of these disclosures are directly related to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval: Ethical approval for the study was provided by South West–Cornwall & Plymouth Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 18/SW/0279, IRAS Reference 257378) and the South East Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 07/H1102/111, IRAS Reference 144220). The South East Research Ethics Committee waived the need for informed consent. The study was performed in accordance with local ethics regulation and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
