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Authors
Ding, Jie
Schöttker, Ben
Brenner, Hermann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-1572
Hoffmeister, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-3197
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KD2104A)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KD2104A)
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2026
Revised: 7 August 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 15 September 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee approved the collection and use of UK Biobank data. All participants provided written informed consent. Institutional review board approval was waived for this analysis because of the publicly available and deidentified data.
