Mazumder, Harun
Lin, Hui-Yi
Baddoo, Melody https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-9728
Gałan, Wojciech
Polania-Villanueva, Diana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7846-2948
Hicks, Chindo
Otohinoyi, David
Peruzzi, Francesca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9441-2174
Madeja, Zbigniew
Belancio, Victoria P.
Flemington, Erik K.
Reiss, Krzysztof
Rak, Monika https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-944X
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288, P20GM121288)
Article History
Received: 18 July 2024
Revised: 1 November 2024
Accepted: 5 December 2024
First Online: 19 May 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Patient consent and approval—not applicable, as this work utilized secondary data analysis based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA): “Glioblastoma Multiforme” TCGA-GBM project (dbGaP Study Accession: phs000178) and “Brain Lower Grade Glioma” TCGA-LGG project (dbGaP Study Accession: phs000178). Information about TCGA can be found at .