Hoe, Rachel Huey Xuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3991-6257
Ramasamy, Thamil Selvee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-3907
Sinniah, Ajantha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7572-9926
Ayob, Ain Zubaidah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4217-8424
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SKK10/UM/02/16)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SKK10/UM/02/16)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SKK10/UM/02/16)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SKK10/UM/02/16)
Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Revised: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 29 March 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.