Hu, Ting
Ma, Tianyu
Huo, Miaomiao
Liu, Jiaxiang
Zhang, Die
Li, Yu
Chang, Jinyuan
Zhang, Min
Wang, Yinuo
Gao, Tianyang
Yuan, Baowen
Wang, Siqi
Li, Qing
Ma, Xiaoqi
Zhang, Jingyao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2854-5446
Huang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8714-4757
Wang, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2563-255X
Article History
Received: 1 February 2025
Revised: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All animal handling and experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Center of Capital Medical University (Approval No. NCC2022A285). The collection of all human tissues was conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Approval No. NCC2025C-302), and informed consent was obtained from all participating patients.