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Article History

Received: 5 September 2023

Revised: 17 January 2024

Accepted: 18 January 2024

First Online: 1 March 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The animal experiment protocol had been reviewed and approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medial University (protocol: AHGDMU-LAC-I(1)-2208-A014) and performed by following the policies and guidelines of the China on Animal Care. The utilization of human glioma tumor tissue microarray complies with China’s Regulations on Human Genetic Resource Management. The study’s ethical alignment and adherence have been confirmed through review and recording by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (protocol: SYSKY-2023-108-01).

: This study involves the analysis of tumor samples obtained from 60 clinical glioma patients treated at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legally authorized representatives. Before any data or sample collection, participants or their representatives were informed about the study’s nature, purpose, risks, and benefits. Detailed information about the procedures involved and potential implications was provided. Participants voluntarily consented to participate, understanding the voluntary nature of their involvement and the right to withdraw at any time without affecting their medical care. Confidentiality of collected data is ensured, and participation contributes to advancing glioma research.