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Article History

Received: 30 August 2024

Revised: 12 January 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2025

First Online: 3 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat (Eye & ENT) Hospital of Fudan University (approval number: 81470613, date of approval: 2020-06-01). All procedures adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to surgery, written informed consents were obtained from all participants for the utilization of their clinical data and biological samples (lens epithelium). Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Research Committee of the Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University and were aligned with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).