Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City (23JCYBJC00230)
Article History
Received: 5 July 2024
Revised: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2025
First Online: 21 April 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required for this study as it utilized data from publicly available databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and human-derived cell lines (HEK293T, CaSki, SiHa, H8) were commercialized. All data and samples were anonymized and ethically sourced, complying with international ethical standards.