Cai, Haiping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-3119
Yang, Jiahao
Luo, Feifei
Gan, Wu
Li, Yanwen
Zhang, Liang
Ke, Xueying
Wahafu, Alafate https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4791-1966
Dai, Danian
Wang, Peng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2549-2780
Zhou, Dong
Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Revised: 10 July 2025
Accepted: 3 August 2025
First Online: 13 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Tumor experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines and approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (KY-N-2022-018). Samples of human GBM were procured after receiving written consent from the involved individuals.