Barberini, Francesca
Pietroni, Riccardo
Ielpo, Simone
Lucarini, Valeria
Nardozi, Daniela
Melaiu, Ombretta
Benvenuto, Monica
Focaccetti, Chiara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-3966
Palumbo, Camilla
Rossin, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-8347
Fruci, Doriana
Olive, Daniel
Masuelli, Laura
Bei, Roberto
Cifaldi, Loredana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5014-430X
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (P20223RRASS)
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (P2022XZKBM)
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (P2022LZXNW)
Sapienza Università di Roma (RM12218166C5057A)
Article History
Received: 21 January 2025
Revised: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Change Date: 30 December 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In the “Materials and Methods” section and “BC cell lines, spheroid formation and cytokine treatment” subsection two sentences have been updated. In the text, there is a typographical error regarding the concentration of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines used in the experiments, which is incorrectly reported in micrograms (μg) instead of nanograms (ng).
Change Date: 21 January 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-08381-7
Competing interests
: D.O. is a cofounder and shareholder of ImCheck Therapeutics, Alderaan Biotechnology and Emergence Therapeutics and has research funds from ImCheck Therapeutics, Alderaan Biotechnology, Cellectis and Emergence Therapeutics. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. No samples from patients were used in this study. NK cells were isolated from buffy-coats obtained from healthy donors, according to the standard procedure of our institutional blood transfusion center (Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy), who signed a written informed consent, in accordance with rules set by the Institutional Review Board of OPBG (Approval of Ethical Committee No. 1267/2016 prot. No. 348).