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Authors
Saathoff, Miranda R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-9848
Chojak, Rafal
Chen, Rebecca X.
Kazi, Hasaan A.
Faisal, Umme H.
Shireman, Jack M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-7805
Drewes, Noah
Park, Cheol H.
Fan, Xuesong
Khan, Sana A.
Lazanyi, Irene https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4164-8423
Baisiwala, Shivani
James, C. David
Horbinski, Craig M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8340-9992
Ahmed, Atique U. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4795-0188
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS096376)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS112856)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P50CA221747)
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Article History
Received: 6 May 2025
Revised: 18 October 2025
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All intracranial PDX experiments were approved by the Northwestern University IACUC (IS00004080 and IS00021383) and conducted in an AAALAC-accredited facility in accordance with the NIH Guide. For intracranial models, the maximal permitted tumor burden is defined by IACUC-approved humane endpoints. Mice were euthanized at the first occurrence of any endpoint, including ≥20% body-weight loss from baseline, body-condition score ≤2/5, unrelieved or recurrent seizures, severe neurological deficit, inability to eat/drink, or moribund state. These limits were not exceeded in any experiment.
