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Authors
Shin, Ji Hye https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2873-4856
Kim, Ji Young https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-9201
Kim, Seo Hyun https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3733-0035
Kang, Yeeun https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5171-5909
Lee, Ha-Jeong https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1517-2907
Kim, Mi-Jeong
Choi, Jimin
Jeong, Soo-Kyung
Park, Si-on
Cho, Yong Beom
Kim, Kyeong Kyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2515-8894
Shim, Jae-Hyuck https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4947-3293
Chun, Eunyoung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7444-7559
Lee, Ki-Young https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-1751
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (2023R1A2C1003762)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00217189)
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Revised: 25 October 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Tumor and matched normal tissues from 35 patients with primary CRC were obtained in accordance with the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Samsung Medical Center (IRB# 2010-04-004). We obtained written informed consent from each patient prior to surgery for using their pathological specimens for research use. All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of CHA University (IACUC230178).
