Jeong, Haengdueng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9218-7372
Lee, Yura
Uhm, Chanyang
Hwang, Seok Young
Hur, Sumin
Noh, Minsoo
Coffey, Robert J.
Goldenring, James R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7833-2940
Nam, Ki Taek https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-1280
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 DK48370)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 DK101332)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01 CA272687)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IBX000930)
U.S. Department of Defense (CA190172)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2022R1C1C2009361)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2022R1A2C3007850)
National Research Foundation of Korea (2022M3A9F3016364)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00241446)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00407093)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00400118)
Article History
Received: 9 January 2025
Revised: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The gastric specimens from patients with Ménétrier’s disease were available from our previous study. [ ] Clinic patients were prospectively enrolled in this study after written informed consent. The study was approved by the Vanderbilt University and Nashville Department of Veterans Affairs institutional review boards. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.