Wang, Tianzhuo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-1879
Wang, Min
Chen, Xuanru
Yin, Yueyuan
Xu, Jintao
Sun, Yanan
Wu, Ailing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3641-2643
Liu, Zhe
Ma, Zhenyi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-2711
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82303403)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82573216)
Hangzhou Normal University (2024JCXK03)
Article History
Received: 6 February 2025
Revised: 1 November 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experimental procedures were conducted in strict adherence to applicable guidelines and regulations. All animal experimentation received prior approval from the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of Hangzhou Normal University (HSD-20240422-01). Ethical approval is not required as the triple-negative breast cancer tissue microarray (HBreD-180Bc01) used in this study was obtained from Shanghai Outdo Biotech (Shanghai, China).