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Authors
Gao, Yongjia
Zhang, Guanghui https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0823-8130
Yu, Yahui
Gao, Jie
Ren, Songtao
Wei, Xiaonan
Yang, Rui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-1728
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2025
Revised: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The collection and analyses of human normal brain tissues and GBM tissues were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Liaocheng University (HE2024061203). The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Liaocheng University (AP2024061231), following the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals issued by the Chinese Animal Ethics Committee.
