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Article History

Received: 19 August 2025

Revised: 11 December 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (2021IECXM017) and was conducted in full accordance with ethical principles (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, and the Declaration of Istanbul). All human specimens, including those used for sequencing and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, were obtained from archived samples collected during routine diagnostic procedures, imposing no additional burden on the patients. Among these, a subset of patients underwent neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy regimens based on paclitaxel. For this subset, clinical follow-up was performed for at least 6 months. Paclitaxel-resistant tumors were defined as those from patients who failed to achieve a complete clinical response (CR) following initial treatment or experienced tumor recurrence or progression within 6 months after CR. Paclitaxel-sensitive tumors were defined as those from patients with a recurrence-free interval exceeding 6 months. This classification was retrospectively determined based on clinical records, treatment responses, and follow-up data. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.