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Article History

Received: 7 September 2025

Revised: 10 January 2026

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All experimental procedures involving human-derived materials were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. This study utilized frozen human de-identified brain tissue specimens, which were ethically sourced from the NIH NeuroBioBank (NBB). The access to NBB biobanked tissues is granted by the Università degli Studi di Milano Institutional Review Board (IRB00002263; FWA00002225). Specimens transfer was regulated by a Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs) approved by the Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology of the Università degli Studi di Milano. Informed consent for tissue donation and research use was obtained from all donors (or their legal representatives) by the NIH NBB at the time of collection. Established human cell lines were ethically sourced from the Coriell Institute for Medical Research biorepository. The cell lines used in this study are established, de-identified biological materials obtained through MTAs between the Coriell Institute for Medical Research and IFOM. Original informed consent for research use was obtained from all donors by the Coriell Institute for Medical Research at the time of collection, in accordance with their IRB-approved protocols and federal regulations. As the frozen tissues and the established cell lines were available through public biorepositories and involved no identifiable human subject information, additional institutional IRB approval for their use was not required as per federal regulations (45 CFR 46.104(d)(4)).