Hu, Xin
Feng, Meiqi
Qi, Chengjin
Li, Boran
He, Hongjuan
Li, Kai
Chen, Lu
Ji, Boshu
Yu, Haoran
Zhao, Yue
Wu, Tong
Ma, Ruiheng
Dong, Yuhao
Zhang, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-2484
Wu, Qiong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3305-6652
Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Revised: 4 February 2026
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All animal research adhered to institutional ethical standards (IACUC-2023078). Samples of three pairs of LUAD tissues along with their nearby normal tissue specimens were randomly obtained from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. The collection of these samples was authorized by the Institutional Ethics Committee for future extraction and analysis (HIT-2023050). We stated that informed consent was obtained from all participants.