Fernández-Simón, Esther https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4804-6553
Tejedera-Villafranca, Ainoa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1897-073X
Fernández-Garabay, Xiomara
Clark, James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-0961
Katsikis, Panagiotis
Mehra, Priyanka
Galloway, Andrew
Monceau, Alexandra
Villalobos, Elisa
Cox, Dan
Ramón-Azcón, Javier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3636-8013
Fernández-Costa, Juan M.
Díaz-Manera, Jordi
Funding for this research was provided by:
Generalitat de Catalunya (2022FI_B 00386)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/WR019086/1)
Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Revised: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Change Date: 18 May 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: The author Panagiotis Katsikis has been erroneously published as Panogiotis Katsikis.
Change Date: 18 May 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-026-08843-6
Competing interests
: Esther Fernández-Simón, Ainoa Tejedera-Villafranca, Xiomara Fernández-Garabay, James Clark, Panagiotis Katsikis, Andrew Galloway, Priyanka Mehra, Alexandra Monceau, Elisa Villalobos, Dan Cox, Javier Ramón Azcón, Juan M. Fernández-Costa and Jordi Diaz Manera declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Patients’ and controls’ parents or legal representatives signed an informed consent form for the biopsy for research purposes according to the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The obtention of the biopsy and storage in the biobank was approved by the Ethics Committee of Newcastle University (reference 13866/2020).