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Authors
Martell, Emma https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3985-0703
Kuzmychova, Helgi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5260-349X
Chawla, Ujala
Grewal, Akaljot
Jain, Charul
Venugopal, Chitra
Anderson, Christopher M.
Singh, Sheila K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1272-5300
Sharif, Tanveer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3269-8100
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute
Cancer Research Society
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Revised: 18 February 2026
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol of mouse care and experiments was approved by the University of Manitoba’s Animal Care Committee (protocol #21-027). All animal studies complied with relevant ethical regulations for animal testing and research. Human GBM samples were obtained from consenting patients, as approved by the Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (REB; Project # 07-366). Samples were collected with informed written consent in strict accordance with institutional and legal ethical guidelines.
