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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Revised: 21 February 2026

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 11 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The human glioma tissue microarray used for immunohistochemistry was commercially purchased from Shanghai Outdo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Product No. HBraG159Su01). The use of the human tissue microarray was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Outdo Biotech Company (Approval No. SHYJS-CP-1801020). All human specimens were de-identified before being provided to the authors, and informed consent was obtained from all participants by the tissue provider prior to sample collection. No identifiable personal information was available to the authors. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Approval No. kyfey2023084) and were performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.