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Authors
di Blasio, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-7654
Vara-Messler, Marianela
Peracino, Barbara
Masti, Elena https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6768-6170
Cepas-López, Vanesa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-4369
Trusolino, Livio
Puliafito, Alberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0096-1536
Bertotti, Andrea
Monica, Valentina
Primo, Luca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-0441
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2026
Revised: 13 March 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Competing interests
: LT has received research grants from Menarini, Merck KGaA, Merus, Pfizer, Servier and Symphogen outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Human PDTOs and intestinal organoids were derived from CRC liver metastases and from healthy intestine. These studies were approved respectively, by medical ethical committees of Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia FPO - IRCCS (PROFILING protocol No. 001-IRCC-00IIS-10, version 11.0, updated July 13, 2022) and by ethical committee of each participating center to the ALFAOMEGA Master Observational Trial (NCT04120935). All patients provided written informed consent.
