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Authors
Pretorius, Etheresia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-2384
Venter, Chantelle
Nunes, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-021X
Thierry, Alain R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4632-5404
Kell, Douglas B.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Foundation Kanro Research Foundation Balvi Research Foundation StandinguptoPOTS StandinguptoPOTS
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Revised: 16 April 2026
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: EP is the Founding Director of Biocode Technologies. EP is a named inventor on a patent disclosing the use of fluorescence microscopy in Long COVID.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance was granted by the Health Research Ethics Council (HREC) of Stellenbosch University, South Africa. This study (project ID: #31384) made use of anonymous samples collected under the Stellenbosch University Blood Laboratory Biorepository (project ID: #28804). All Biorepository samples were obtained with voluntary informed consent, including consent for storage and future use in approved studies. All research protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the South African Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, and the Ethical Guidelines for Research issued by the South African Medical Research Council.
