Fang, Danielle Meiwen
Shrestha, Raj K.
German, Beatriz https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5105-4583
Rahman, Razia https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5124-1352
Townley, Scott L.
Xie, Jianling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-8016
Hanson, Adrienne R.
Iggo, Richard
Nassar, Zeyad D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-2697
Helm, Madison
Marri, Shashikanth
Colella, Alex D.
Best, Giles
Centenera, Margaret M.
Tilley, Wayne D.
Chataway, Tim K.
Ellis, Leigh
Butler, Lisa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-3220
Selth, Luke A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-1418
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Council NSW (RG 23-04)
Cancer Council NSW (RG 25-13)
Cancer Australia (2020_PdCCRS_2001432)
Cancer Australia (2023_PCRS_0269)
Hospital Research Foundation (2022-CP-IDMH-019)
Cancer Council South Australia (PRF2919)
Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Revised: 28 April 2026
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for the use of human prostate tumours in PDE experiments was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committees of the University of Adelaide (Adelaide, Australia; approval #H-2012-016) and St Andrew’s Hospital (Adelaide, Australia; approval #80). Animal procedures were approved by the SAHMRI Animal Ethics Committee (approval number SAM-21-042) in accordance with the guidelines of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC). PDXs were established by the Melbourne Urology Research Alliance (MURAL) (Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee approval 12287).