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Authors
Miao, Rui
Liu, Chunyan
Wang, Yilong
Li, Hui
Han, Cuihong
Wang, Chenchen
Tian, Zhizhen
Liu, Jiao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0304-241X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR202111200086)
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Article History
Received: 3 February 2025
Revised: 14 June 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 31 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The sample size was determined based on the guidelines for minimizing animal use while ensuring statistical power, as recommended by the Institutional Animal Care guidelines. A power analysis was conducted to estimate the required sample size, considering an expected effect size based on preliminary data and a significance level of 0.05. The analysis indicated that a minimum of six mice per group would be sufficient to detect a significant difference in tumor volume between the lactate-treated and control groups. The animal experiments involved in this study were conducted in accordance with the animal experiment ethical standards approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong Second Medical University (2024 SDL119).
