Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00273665, RS-2023-00273665, RS-2024-00346770)
Article History
Received: 9 January 2025
Revised: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve human participants or live vertebrate animals. Clinical and expression data of colorectal cancer patients were obtained from publicly available repositories and were anonymized before access. Ethical approval and informed consent were not required.