Francis, Ellen C.
Shimada, Hiroshi
Powell, Theresa L.
Boyle, Kristen E.
Dabelea, Dana
Jansson, Thomas
Rosario, Fredrick J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-7005
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD105701)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD068370)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD105701)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD068370)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD105701)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD068370)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD108272)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK076648)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (UH3OD023248)
Article History
Received: 28 March 2025
Revised: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.