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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Revised: 13 February 2026

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Competing interests

: DJ is an employee of Flogen Technologies Inc. DJ declares that this study received funding from Flogen Technologies Inc. FK is the Chief Executive Officer of Flogen Technologies Inc. FY and HI are employees of Gifu University. The Division of Antioxidant Research is a laboratory that has been established at the Life Science Research Center at Gifu University, based on a research fund from the TIMA Establishment (Liechtenstein). The funders were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.