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Authors
Kudo, Kai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-3334
Ikeda, Takashi
Ikeda, Kazutaka
Maehara, Natsumi
Hirota, Aika
Yoshikawa, Yuri
Mori, Haruka
Takayama, Masumi
Yasuda, Keisuke
Tezuka, Tetsushi
Takagi, Toshio
Arai, Satoko
Miyazaki, Toru https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-4362
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (23gm0010006h)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H03446)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21H05122)
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Article History
Received: 3 February 2026
Revised: 13 April 2026
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Animal experiments : The study protocol was approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of Tokyo Women’s Medical University (approval numbers: AE24-106-B and GE24-099-B). Human participants : This study analyzed serum samples and clinical data from patients with CKD, including stage G1 and stage G5 cases, obtained from Kawashima Hospital in Tokushima, Japan. Serum samples were also collected from healthy individuals undergoing annual health checkups at Inoue Hospital in Nagasaki, Japan. Written informed consent was obtained from all serum donors. The study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committees of the University of Tokyo for Medical Experiments (Approval nos. 2019338NI and 2019278NI) and Kawashima Hospital (Approval no. 0744–0750).
