Xu, Tao https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1558-4327
Sun, Qinxin
Zhang, Shuhao
Liu, Tingzhu
Sun, Xiaoou
Wang, Xusheng
Lin, Bin
Liu, Zhongjie
Wang, Juan
He, Guodong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3593-9574
Liu, Xiangyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-9238
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32122041)
Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program
Article History
Received: 15 August 2025
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Conflict of interest
: J.W. is a co-founder of Memoo (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd. X.L., T.X., and G.H. applied a patent for the nSPS method.