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Authors
Yu, Evan Yi-Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7825-5087
Ren, Hui-Ying
Liang, Xinxiu
Xi, Yue
Shuai, Menglei
Miao, Zelei
Xu, Fengzhe
Zhang, Ke
Shen, Luqi
Xia, Hui
Schram, Miranda T.
van Greevenbroek, Marleen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1631
de Galan, Bastiaan E.
van der Kallen, Carla J. H.
Linden, David E. J.
Blokland, Gabriëlla A. M.
Arts, Ilja C. W.
Berendschot, Tos T. J. M.
Yan, Yan
Fu, Yuanqing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3955-9376
Wesselius, Anke
Chen, Yuming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-5528
Zheng, Ju-Sheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6560-4890
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82204033)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (92374112)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 12 April 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Conflict of interest
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS) was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health at Sun Yat-Sen University (2018048); the Maastricht Study (TMS) was approved by the institutional medical ethics committee (NL31329.068.10) and the Minister of Health, Welfare, and Sports of the Netherlands (Permit 131088-105234-PG); the Westlake Precision Birth Cohort (WEBIRTH) was approved by the Ethics Committee of Westlake University (20190701ZJS0007). All studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 92 .
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.
