Sun, Yishuang
Zhang, Zijian
Li, Haiou
Bu, Xia
Chen, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-5878
Wang, Xiyong
Fan, Lifang
Chen, Baoxiang
Kong, Lijun
Dai, Panpan
Song, Wenjing
Xiao, Xiangling
Shi, Jie
Xiang, Bolin
He, Chuan
Yao, Yingmeng
Xiong, Wenjun
Yu, Haisheng
Jiang, Congqing
Qian, Qun
Liu, Hudan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-6048
Tian, Sufang
Qing, Guoliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-2860
Yang, Zhiyong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-5024
Wei, Wenyi
Freeman, Gordon J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-5616
Zhu, Haichuan
Zhang, Jinfang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-6007
Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Competing interests
: G.J.F. has patents/royalties on the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway from Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Roche, Eli Lilly, and Novartis. G.J.F. has served on advisory boards for iTeos, NextPoint, IgM, GV20, IOME, Bioentre, Santa Ana Bio, Simcere of America, and Geode. G.J.F. has equity in Nextpoint, Triursus, Xios, iTeos, IgM, Invaria, GV20, Bioentre, and Geode. W.W. is a co-founder and consultant for the ReKindle Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.