Chen, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-5878
Bu, Xia
Sun, Yishuang
Huang, Daoyuan
Chen, Yong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-8105
Hou, Tao
Hu, Xiaoping
Wang, Jingchao
Yan, Peiqiang
Qi, Yihang
Jiang, Weiwei
Xiong, Yan
Liu, Jing
Gao, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0518-5249
Huan, Mengxi
Wang, Bin
Liu, Qianjia
Dai, Xiaoming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-8137
Dang, Fabin
Asara, John M.
Fujimoto, Masanori
Inuzuka, Hiroyuki
Jin, Jian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-3862
Zhang, Jinfang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-6007
Freeman, Gordon J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-5616
Wei, Wenyi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0512-3811
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R35CA253027)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R00CA259329)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P50CA101942)
Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Change Date: 15 December 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: In this article, supplementary figures 1 and 5 have been updated due to an error in the proofing stage.
Competing interests
: G.J.F. has patents/pending royalties on the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway from Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Roche, Eli Lilly, and Novartis. G.J.F. has served on advisory boards for iTeos, NextPoint, IgM, GV20, IOME, Bioentre, Santa Ana Bio, Simcere of America, and Geode. G.J.F. has equity in Nextpoint, Triursus, Xios, iTeos, IgM, Trillium, Invaria, GV20, Bioentre, and Geode. W.W. is a co-founder and consultant for the ReKindle Therapeutics. J.J. is a cofounder and equity shareholder in Cullgen Inc. and a consultant for Cullgen Inc., EpiCypher Inc., and Accent Therapeutics Inc. The Jin laboratory received research funds from Celgene Corporation, Levo Therapeutics, Cullgen, Inc. and Cullinan Oncology. Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.