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Article History

Received: 16 September 2024

Accepted: 9 January 2025

First Online: 17 February 2025

Competing interests

: S.S. is currently a salaried employee of Seed Health, a probiotic retailer. R.D. is a cofounder and CEO in Seed Health. W.V. has received research grants from PROMEDICA Stiftung, Switzerland, and EoE Stiftung, Switzerland, and consulting fees from Mabylon AG, Switzerland. M.S. has received research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF nr 310030_189334/1 and 320030E_224154), GSK, Novartis, Stiftung vorm. Bündner Heilstätte Arosa, Thermofisher and OM Pharma, speaker’s fee from AstraZeneca and consults for Roche. She is a member-at-large of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and EAACI Educational Events Committee Chair. O.P. received research grants from MINECO, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, CAM, Inmunotek S.L., Novartis, and AstraZeneca and fees for giving scientific lectures or participation in Advisory Boards from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Inmunotek S.L., Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme. K.C.N. reports grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), other from the Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), other from National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical research centers, during the conduct of the study; other from IgGenix, other from Seed Health, other from ClostraBio, other from Cour, other from Alladapt, other from Excellergy, other from Red Tree Ventures, other from Regeneron, other from Latitude, outside the submitted work. In addition, K.C.N. has the following patents: “Mixed allergen composition and methods for using the same”, “Granulocyte-based methods for detecting and monitoring immune system disorders”, and “Methods and Assays for Detecting and Quantifying Pure Subpopulations of White Blood Cells in Immune System Disorders”. M.A. has received research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Bern; research grants from Stanford University; Leading House for the Latin American Region; and Seed Money Grants. She is a Scientific Advisory Board member of Stanford University-Sean Parker Asthma Allergy Center, CA; an Advisory Board member of the LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Copenhagen; and a Scientific Co-Chair of the World Allergy Congress (WAC) Istanbul, 2022, Scientific Programme Committee Chair, EAACI. C.A.A. has received research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, European Union (EU CURE, EU Syn-Air-G), Novartis Research Institutes (Basel, Switzerland), Stanford University (Redwood City, Calif), Seed Health (Boston, USA), AO Research Institute (Davos, Switzerland) and SciBase (Stockholm, Sweden). He is the cochair for the EAACI Guidelines on Environmental Science in Allergic Diseases and Asthma; Chair of the EAACI Epithelial Cell Biology Working Group. Serves on the Advisory Boards of Sanofi/Regeneron (Bern, Switzerland, New York, USA), Stanford University Sean Parker Asthma Allergy Center (CA, USA), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), GlaxoSmithKline (Zurich, Switzerland), Bristol-Myers Squibb (New York, USA), Seed Health (Boston, USA) and SciBase (Stockholm, Sweden). C.A.A. is the Editor-in-Chief of Allergy. I.O., Y.M., D.Y., Y.P., S.A., M.L., P.D’A., C.B., H.B., B.Z., C.Z., O.G.V., O.A., A.K., A.G.-S., J.-F.L., L.S., M.Y., S.R.S., U.R., A.J.K., M.B.I, and M.M.-F. declare no relevant conflicts of interest.