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Article History

Received: 11 April 2022

Revised: 24 June 2022

Accepted: 28 June 2022

First Online: 28 July 2022

Competing interests

: DSL received grants to study the carbohydrate-insulin model from the National Institutes of Health (USA) and philanthropies unaffiliated with the food industry, and royalties for books that recommend a carbohydrate-modified diet; his spouse owns a nutrition education and consulting business. CMA has, in the previous 12 months, participated on advisory boards for Altimmune, Inc., Cowen and Company, LLC, Gelesis, Srl., L-Nutra, Inc., NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Inc., Pain Script Corporation, Riverview School, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, and Xeno Biosciences; and received research funding from the National Institutes of Health (USA), PCORI and GI Dynamics, Inc. LJA received consulting fees from and serves on advisory boards for ERX, Jamieson Wellness, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Janssen, UnitedHealth Group Ventures and Gelesis; received research funding from Lilly, Janssen, Allurion, and Novo Nordisk; has an equity interest in Intellihealth, ERX, Zafgen, Gelesis, MYOS, and Jamieson Wellness; and serves on the board of directors for Intellihealth and Jamieson Wellness. AA is a member of Scientific Advisory Board for WW (USA), RNPC (France), Gelesis (USA), and Novo Nordisk A/S; and is currently employed by the Novo Nordisk Foundation to establish the National Centre for Healthy Weight in Denmark with the aim to prevent childhood obesity. LCC is founder of Faeth Therapeutics, a company that generates diets to enhance responses to cancer drugs. CBE received grants to study the carbohydrate-insulin model from the National Institutes of Health (USA) and philanthropies unaffiliated with the food industry. SBH is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Medifast. JDJ received research grants to study the role of hyperinsulinemia in metabolism from the Canadian Institute for Health Research; and is co-founder and Board Chair of the Institute for Personalized Therapeutic Nutrition, a registered charity in Canada in which he has no financial interest. RMK is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Virta Health, Day Two, and Seraphina Therapeutics; and received payments from JumpStartMD. GT received royalties for books that discuss the history, science and therapeutic applications of carbohydrate-restricted eating. JSV received royalties for books on low-carbohydrate diets; is founder and has equity in Virta Health; and serves on the advisory board of Simply Good Foods. WSY consults for dietdoctor.com by providing scientific review of website content. Other authors declared no conflicts of interest.