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Authors
Wolf, Maren
Mazariegos, Mónica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-3683
Cordón, Oscar
Mesarina, Karla
Jefferds, Maria Elena D.
Addo, O. Yaw https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-759X
Palmieri, Mireya
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Article History
Received: 21 June 2024
Revised: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 19 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
: Each of the original surveys used in this narrative review received ethics approval and participant consent prior to data collection. The Ethics board of the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP-Guatemala) and Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social (MSPAS), approved the Epidemiological Health and Nutrition Surveillance System (SIVESNU, Spanish acronym) data collection cycles. For the two Guatemala demographic health surveys (ENSMI 1995 and ENSMI 2008, Spanish acronym), the ICF-International Institutional Review Board ethics committee and the Guatemala MSPAS, ethics Committee approved the survey protocols, and finally, the Guatemala Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) and World Bank ethics committees approved the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS).
: SIVESNU datasets for 2015, 2016, 2017/8, 2018/19 cycles are available at: Data for Lee et al. (2010) are available at: Data for Garrett et al 2003 are available at:
