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Article History

Received: 22 May 2025

Revised: 20 August 2025

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 16 September 2025

Competing interests

: The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author(s) and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense. Any citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement of approval of the products or services of these organizations. Author LCW provides consultancy services to ImpediMed Ltd.; all other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. There was no interaction or any conflict of interest with the commercial vendors of the primary devices used in this study, including InBody Co. Ltd, GE HealthCare, or RJL Systems, Inc. This research was supported in part by appointments to the Department of Defense (DOD) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the DOD. ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of DOD, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the US Army Medical Research and Development Command (Fort Detrick, Maryland) and US Marine Corps (Quantico, Virginia) Institutional Review Boards, protocol M10873, approved March 2021. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.