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Authors
Gutema, Befikadu Tariku https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0574-6074
Sorrie, Muluken Bekele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-2584
Belayneh, Sifray Batire
Tariku, Eshetu Zerihun
Boynito, Wanzahun Godana
Zewdie, Tadiwos Hailu
Yohanes, Tsegaye
De Henauw, Stefaan
Levecke, Bruno
Abbeddou, Souheila https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-0170
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad (Institutional University Cooperation Program (IUC) with Arba Minch University)
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2024
Revised: 25 October 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Commission on Medical Ethics of Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (EC/2019/1289) and by the National Research Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Ethiopia (P.S.M/14.1/505/20). The study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov with the reference number NCT04137354 ( ). Letters of permission were written for district administrations, district health and education offices, kebele leaders, and school directors. Following contact with school directors, a sensitization workshop was organized for directors, teachers, and parents. Informed written consent for the children’s participation was obtained from their parents, and assent was obtained from the children.
