Hempelmann Perez, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-7134
Mealy, G.
Brennan, K.
Killeen, S. L.
Saldova, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5085-5080
Groeger, D.
Van Sinderen, D.
Cotter, P. D.
Doyle, S. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6294-9380
McAuliffe, F. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-6494
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science Foundation Ireland (12/RC/2273 and 16/SP/3827)
Science Foundation Ireland (12/RC/2273 and 16/SP/3827)
Science Foundation Ireland (12/RC/2273 and 16/SP/3827)
Science Foundation Ireland (12/RC/2273 and 16/SP/3827)
Science Foundation Ireland (12/RC/2273 and 16/SP/3827)
PrecisionBiotics Group Ltd
Article History
Received: 23 October 2024
Revised: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Competing interests
: DG is an employee of PrecisionBiotics Group Ltd. PDC is a co-founder and CTO of SeqBiome Ltd., a microbiome analysis company. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.
: The study received institutional ethical approval from the clinical research site (EC26.2019). All study processes were completed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.