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Authors
Murphy, Marie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-1890
Hewitt, Tessa
Stewart, Abigail
Morrison, Breanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-2402
Duff, Rhona
Sitch, Alice
Hurley, Kiya
Griffin, Tania
Adamson, Ashley
Spence, Suzanne
Rowland, Maisie
Adab, Peymane
Pallan, Miranda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-4892
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/9/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
DH | NIHR | Public Health Research Programme (17/92/39)
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2025
Revised: 23 January 2026
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Competing interests
: MP, AS (Alice Sitch), AA, KH and PA received support from the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Programme (17/92/39) for the submitted work. The funders had no role in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication. AS was supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Additional research grants related to the research topic have been received by MP, MM, AA, KH, SS and PA. MP served as a Board Member (unpaid) of Birmingham Food Council (Community Interest Company) from September 2019 to September 2022.
: Full ethical approval for the FUEL study was obtained from the University of Birmingham Ethical Review Committee on the 20th August 2019 (ERN_18-1738). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
