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Authors
Neo, Belinda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-8078
Nannup, Noel
Tilbrook, Dale
Dunlop, Eleanor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9139-015X
Jacky, John
Michie, Carol
Prior, Cindy
Farrant, Brad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3903-0990
Shepherd, Carrington C. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-7053
Black, Lucinda J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Curtin University of Technology (Curtin Strategic Scholarship)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1184788)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Revised: 19 February 2026
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethics approval for this study was granted by the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (HREC979). The Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee requires that all research complies with specific ethical guidelines including, but not limited to, the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) Code of Ethics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research and the guidelines of National Health and Medical Research Council. Those ethical frameworks are informed by international human rights instruments, such as the Declaration of Helsinki. We used data collected in the 2012–2013 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, conducted under the authority of the Census and Statistics Act 1905: individual informed consent was not required under the Act. The deidentified data were made available by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to approved users for research and analytical use.
