Zhou, Wanlu https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5233-5249
Yu, Jingjia
Zheng, Min
Shi, Ruizheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-4430
Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Revised: 6 March 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The MIMIC-IV project received approval from the Institutional Review Boards of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Patient information was anonymized, thereby obviating the need for informed consent from individual patients for this study.