Hübel, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-8287
Abdulkadir, Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6080-257X
Herle, Moritz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-5070
Palmos, Alish B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5748-6652
Loos, Ruth J. F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-5087
Breen, Gerome https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-1792
Micali, Nadia
Bulik, Cynthia M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-3264
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/T027843/1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R21 MH115397, R21 MH115397)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health
Article History
Received: 1 July 2022
Revised: 15 June 2023
Accepted: 4 July 2023
First Online: 20 July 2023
Competing interests
: Dr. Breen has received grant funding from and served as a consultant to Eli Lilly, has received honoraria from Illumina and has served on advisory board for Otsuka and is a scientific advisor for COMPASS Pathways. CM Bulik reports: Lundbeckfonden (grant recipient); Pearson (author, royalty recipient). All other authors have indicated they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
: Ethical approval for the ALSPAC participants was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees: . The main caregiver initially provided consent for child participation, and from the age 16 years, the offspring themselves have provided informed written consent. At 16 years old, sole consent from the study child was considered acceptable by the Committee and although the law was not specific about young people with regards to research, this complied with the Family Law Reform Act 19695 as regards treatment: those who are 16 years old or above have the same legal ability to consent to any medical, surgical or dental treatment as anyone above 18, without consent from their parent or guardian. Children were invited to give assent where appropriate. Consent for biological samples was collected in accordance with the Human Tissue Act (2004) and informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.