Arunachalam, Vignesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1228-7064
Tran, Kim N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6889-9142
Hoy, Wendy
Lea, Rodney A.
Nagaraj, Shivashankar H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-6835
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1024207)
MRFF Genomics Health Futures Mission
Article History
Received: 25 July 2024
Revised: 10 January 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2025
First Online: 24 February 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was formally obtained through direct consultations over 30 years with the Tiwi Land Council, Tiwi Elders, and traditional owners of the Tiwi Islands. The Tiwi Islands are privately owned and follow a permission system that recognizes the importance and value of Aboriginal responsibility toward the country and is consistent with land titles held under Australian Law. This research study followed the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration, and all participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study. In addition, the Northern Territory Department of Health (2012–1767), QUT HREC (No. 2022-6199-10439-HE26), and ANU HREC (No. 2014-663) provided ethical approval for this study. Ethics for human participants were reviewed by the human research ethics committees of the Northern Territory Department of Health (2012–1767), the Australian National University (2014-663), the University of Queensland (2012001146), and the University of Tasmania (H0012832).