Dolling, Helen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6279-3622
Rowitch, Sophie https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0243-9676
Bromham, Malachy
Archer, Stephanie
O’Curry, Sara
Rowitch, David H.
Raymond, F. Lucy
Hughes, Claire
Baker, Kate
Funding for this research was provided by:
DH | National Institute for Health Research (RG65966)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (RG65966)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (RG65966)
Rosetrees Trust
Isaac Newton Trust
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR BioResource Cambridge Reproduction SRI Incubator Fund
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centreand NIHR BioResource
Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Revised: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This Peregrin* follow-up study with the parents from the Next Generation Children project (NGC, REC reference 13/EE/0325) was approved by the local research ethics committee (REC reference: 21/EE/0154, HVS/2020/3264, IRAS: 300380), by the NIHR Bioresource (NBR133), and by the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust institutional review board (A095947). Written electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to study commencement and archived. All data was de-identified. The study adhered to the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki.