Bylstra, Yasmin
Lim, Weng Khong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-1130
Teo, Jing Xian
Menezes, Melody
Hodgson, Jan
Yap, Fabian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1083-7958
Chambers, John C.
Yeo, Khung Keong
Tan, Patrick
Amor, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-8511
Jamuar, Saumya S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2341-8349
Article History
Received: 25 April 2025
Revised: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval and consent to participate from participants was obtained from six institutes: Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes birth cohort study (GUSTO), National University Hospital, Singapore CIRB/E/2019/2655 NCT01174875; Health for Life In Singapore Study (HELIOS), Nanyang Technology University, Singapore, IRB 2016-11-030; Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study (MEC), National University of Singapore, CIRB 13-512; SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine (PRISM), SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board, 2013/605/C NCT02791152; Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study (SEED), SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board, 2018/2717; Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), National Health Group, TB-2020-001 & BTC-2020-001. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This research conforms to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.